Cable Stayed Bridges | Cable Stayed Bridge Examples

What is a Cable Stayed Bridge?

A cable-stayed bridge is a structural system with a continuous girder supported by inclined to stay cables from the towers.

From the mechanical point of view, the cable-stayed bridge is a continuous girder bridge supported by elastic supports.

The cable-stayed bridge ranks first for a span range of approximately from 115 to 600 m, which has a longer spanning capacity than that of cantilever bridges, arch bridges, and box caged bridges but shorter than that of a suspension bridge.

The earliest design of cable-stayed Bridge dates back to 1595, which is evident from the book of Machinae Novae. Several cable-stayed bridges were built in the early part of the 19th century. Still, it wasn’t until the 19 fifties that they started becoming prevalent like other bridge type, such as truss bridges, arch bridges, and suspension bridges.

Several cable-stayed bridges collapsed due to a lack of understanding of such a system, particularly due to inadequate resistance. It wasn’t possible to tension the stay, and they would become slack under various load conditions.

A typical cable state of the bridge, this figure shows the main components of the cable state of the bridge, which is the tower, stayed cables, and Girders.

Basic Concept of Stayed Cable Bridge

The concept of cable-stayed bridges is simple as all the members and cable-stayed bridge mainly work on either tension or compression.

The stayed cable provides intermediate elastic support for carrying the vertical loads, acting on the main geared up to span a longer distance. To carry the load applied on the bridge deck, the cables need to sustain the tensile axial force, resulting in compression force and pulls pylons and girders.

Though there are also some bending moments or other forces in pylons and the main girders generally, their effects are much smaller than that of the axial forces.

It’s well known that actually loaded members are more efficient than flexible members, which contributes to the structural efficiency and economy of a cable-stayed bridge

Classifications and Configuration of Cable-Stayed Bridges.

This type of bridge can be classified based on three considerations.

Stay Cable Arrangements

According to the elongated Cable layout, the cable-stayed bridges can be classified into four types.

Mono Cable System.

The mono design uses a single cable from its towers and is one of the less types of bridge used and regularly built

Fan Cable System

In fan cable design, all stayed cables connect to or pass over the top of the towers.

Modified Fan Cable System.

Avoid difficulties in a fan cable system due to the laxation together of cable-stay the modified fan cable system is developed

Harp Cable System

In the harp cable system, the cables are nearly parallel to each other so that the height of their fixed points on the tower is proportional to the distance around the tower to their positions on the deck.

Lateral Cable Arrangements

The second consideration is the lateral cable arrangements and the lateral direction the cable system can be arranged as;

1. One single plane above the centerline.

2. Two planes, either vertical or inclined at the edges of the girder or

3. Three planes connect to the central line on both edges off together.

The Number of Spans or Towers

The third one is the number of spans or towers. The cable-stayed bridge can be designed as a single-span to expands three spans or multiple spans.

However, cable-stayed bridges having either three or two cable status spans are more widely used because the cable stays on the anchor pier and is important for the pylon’s stability.

When a bridge has more than three spans, the main problem is the lack of longitudinal restrained to the top of the intermediate pylons, which cannot be directly anchored to an approach pier.

Large deformations can occur in multiple span cable-stay of bridges under the live load. This problem can be solved in the following ways.

1. By increasing the stiffness of pylons, as in using the A-frame embraced pylons.

2. Using additional horizontal cables between tower tops directly transfers any out of balance forces to the anchor stays in the end spans.

3. By using additional cables to connect the top of the internal pilots to the adjacent pylons at deck level so that any out of balance forces are resisted by the stiffness of the pylon below deck

4. By using additional tie-down peers at span centers

5. By adding additional cables at the midspans,

Parts of Cable-Stayed Bridges

Cable-stayed bridges, are composed of cables, pylons, and bridge deck.

Bridge Cables

Cable stays are the key load carrying and transferring members in cable-stayed bridges. The main problems with the early cable-stayed bridges were deficiencies with the Anchorage system steel material and corrosion.

Bridge Pylons

The pylons can be designed as a single column projecting through the deck’s center but sometimes located on one side, such as in curved cable-stayed bridges.

Bridge Deck.

In general, the deck needs to resist both bending moments from the dead weight and live load on the axial force derived from the stay force’s horizontal component.

Therefore, unlike the deck in a suspension bridge, the deck can be designed as different sections or structural forms and cable-stay bridges.

Types of Bridge Decks

There are three types of decks.

1. Steel deck

2. Concrete deck and

3. Compose a deck.

Steel Deck

The steel deck was used for early cable-stayed bridges due to the high load-carrying capacity to weight ratio and larger span capacity between cable-stayed.

Besides, the reduction and deck weight can result in an economical design for large span bridges.

Concrete Deck Reinforces or Prestressed.

Concrete decks can be made of precast elements, or they can be cast in a place. The concrete deck is suitable for medium spans because the cost of concrete is relatively low. Still, its weight increases the bridge’s dead load, thus requiring larger dimensions for cables, pylons, piers, and anchors structures.

Composite Deck

Composite construction of a steel-concrete is a popular structural method. The optimal combination of the two most popular construction materials’ properties is steel and concrete, resulting in both safe and economic structures.

Analysis and Construction of Cable-Stayed Bridges.

Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridge.

Both static and seismic analysis should be performed on a cable-stayed bridge to analyze modern cable-stayed bridge finite element analysis; analysis is always necessary.

The pylon deck on the cable-stayed bridge will be moderate by a suitable element, and the fishbone model usually used to simulate the whole bridge.

The stayed can be represented with the small inertia on modified modules of elasticity that will model the stay’s Sag behavior. Besides, for considering the force transformation and load redistribution during the erection, stage by stay-based analysis is always necessary.

In addition to the static analysis, the dynamic analysis for determining a stayed Cable Bridge’s dynamic force, such as frequencies and vibration moods, should also be reaffirmed.

Construction of Stayed Cable Bridge

The first stay pylons and deck unit above the piers are erected and fixed to the piers. In the second stage, a new deck segment is erected by free cantilevering from the pylon, either symmetrical in both directions or into the main span. The stayed cables are installed and tension initially to relieve the bending moment in the deck. Stage two is repeated until the deck and middle span are connected.

The final stage before the connection of the deck mid-span cantilever condition should be carefully confirmed.

Pros and Cons of Stayed Cable Bridge

Pros of Stayed Cable Bridge

The construction method is a simple cantilever method.
Typically built for a larger span and
Simple to design as opposed to the suspension bridge.

Cons of Stayed Cable Bridge

It may require a pier, or at least a tower on the other side of the site.
More susceptible to damage by wind forces.
Although cheaper than suspensions bridge, it can be more expensive for short spans than truss bridge Construction.

Summary Stayed Cable Bridge

A cable-stayed bridge is very economical and has an elegant appearance due to the relatively small girder depth and has proved to be very competitive against other bridge types.

Besides, with the bridge design and construction development, more and more cable-stayed bridges are being built with longer spans.

Longest Cable Stayed Bridges in the World

Currently, the Russky Bridge in Russia is the largest cable-stayed bridge with walls longest this pan at 1104 m.(3,622 feets)

Longest and Famous Stayed Cable Bridge
No.	Stayed Cable Bridge	Span		Number of pylons	Year completed	Country
No.	Stayed Cable Bridge	Metres	Feet	Number of pylons	Year completed	Country
1	Russky Bridge	1,104 m	3,622 ft	2	2012	Russia
2	Hutong Yangtze River Bridge	1,092 m	3,583 ft	2	2020	China
3	Sutong Yangtze River Bridge	1,088 m	3,570 ft	2	2008	China
4	Stonecutters Bridge	1,018 m	3,340 ft	2	2009	China
5	Edong Yangtze River Bridge	926 m	3,038 ft	2	2010	China
6	Jiayu Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	920 m	3,018 ft	2	2019	China
7	Tatara Bridge	890 m	2,920 ft	2	1999	Japan
8	Pont de Normandie	856 m	2,808 ft	2	1995	France
9	Chizhou Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	828 m	2,717 ft	2	2019	China
10	Shishou Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	820 m	2,690 ft	2	2019	China
11	Jiujiang Yangtze River Expressway Bridge	818 m	2,684 ft	2	2013	China
12	Jingyue Yangtze River Bridge	816 m	2,677 ft	2	2010	China
13	Second Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	806 m	2,644 ft	2	2017	China
14	Incheon Bridge	800 m	2,625 ft	2	2009	South Korea
14	Yachi River Bridge	800 m	2,625 ft	2	2016	China
16	Xiamen Zhangzhou Bridge	780 m	2,559 ft	2	2013	China
17	Zhuankou Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	760 m	2,493 ft	2	2017	China
18	Zolotoy Bridge	737 m	2,418 ft	2	2012	Russia
19	Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge	730 m	2,395 ft	2	2009	China
19	Third Wanzhou Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	730 m	2,395 ft	2	2019	China
21	Duge Bridge	720 m	2,362 ft	2	2016	China
22	Minpu Bridge	708 m	2,323 ft	2	2009	China
23	Jiangshun Xi River Bridge [zh]	700 m	2,297 ft	2	2015	China
24	Xiangshan Port Bridge	688 m	2,257 ft	2	2012	China
25	Langqi Min River Bridge [zh]	680 m	2,231 ft	2	2013	China
25	Second Fengdu Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	680 m	2,231 ft	2	2017	China
27	Queensferry Crossing	650 m	2,133 ft	3	2017	United Kingdom
28	Third Nanjing Yangtze Bridge	648 m	2,126 ft	2	2005	China
29	Wangdong Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	638 m	2,093 ft	2	2016	China
30	New Yalu River Bridge	636 m	2,087 ft	2	2015	China North Korea
31	Second Tongling Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	630 m	2,067 ft	2	2015	China
32	Second Nanjing Yangtze Bridge	628 m	2,060 ft	2	2001	China
33	Jintang Bridge	620 m	2,034 ft	2	2009	China
34	Baishazhou Yangtze River Bridge	618 m	2,028 ft	2	2000	China
35	Erqi Yangtze River Bridge	616 m (x2)	2,021 ft (x2)	3	2011	China
36	Yongchuan Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	608 m	1,995 ft	2	2014	China
37	Qingzhou Bridge	605 m	1,985 ft	2	2001	China
38	Yangpu Bridge	602 m	1,975 ft	2	1993	China
39	Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	600 m (x2)	1969 ft (x2)	3	2020	China
40	Xupu Bridge	590 m	1,936 ft	2	1997	China
40	Meiko-Chuo Bridge [ja]	590 m	1,936 ft	2	1998	Japan
42	Yijishan Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	588 m	1929 ft	2	2020	China
43	Taoyaomen Bridge	580 m	1,903 ft	2	2003	China
43	Anqing Yangtze River Railway Bridge	580 m	1,903 ft	2	2014	China
43	Liuguanghe Xiqian Expressway Bridge	580 m	1,903 ft	2	2017	China
46	Nanxi Xianyuan Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	572 m	1,877 ft	2	2019	China
47	Huanggang Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	567 m	1,860 ft	2	2014	China
48	Yumenkou Yellow River Road Bridge [zh]	565 m	1854 ft	2	2020	China
49	Rio–Antirrio bridge	560 m (x3)	1,837 ft (x3)	4	2004	Greece
49	Haihuang Bridge [zh]	560 m	1,837 ft	2	2017	China
51	Pingtang Bridge	550 m (x2)	1,804 ft	3	2019	China
51	Can Tho Bridge	550 m	1,804 ft	2	2010	Vietnam
51	Changmen Bridge [zh]	550 m	1,804 ft	2	2019	China
54	Busan Harbor Bridge	540 m	1,772 ft	2	2014	South Korea
55	La Pepa Bridge	540 m	1,772 ft	2	2015	Spain
56	Pingtan Strait Rail-Road Bridge [zh]	532 m	1745 ft	2	2020	China
57	Skarnsund Bridge	530 m	1,739 ft	2	1991	Norway
57	Atlantic Bridge, Panama	530 m	1,739 ft	2	2019^[25]	Panama
59	Baluarte Bridge	520 m	1,706 ft	2	2012	Mexico
59	Huangyi Yangtze River Bridge	520 m	1,706 ft	2	2012	China
61	Queshi Bridge	518 m	1,699 ft	2	1999	China
61	Gong’an Yangtze River Bridge [zh]	518 m	1,699 ft	2	2018	China
63	Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge	510 m	1,673 ft	2	1994	Japan
63	Anqing Yangtze River Bridge	510 m	1,673 ft	2	2004	China
63	First Saecheonnyeon Bridge [ko]	510 m	1,673 ft	2	2019	South Korea
66	Hongshui River Huiluo Bridge [zh]	508 m	1,667 ft	2	2018	China
67	Tianxingzhou Yangtze River Bridge	504 m	1,654 ft	2	2008	China
69	Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge north bridge	500 m	1,640 ft	2	2002	China
69	Kanchanaphisek Bridge	500 m	1,640 ft	2	2007	Thailand
69	Sungai Johor Bridge	500 m	1,640 ft	2	2011	Malaysia
69	Mokpo Bridge [ko]	500 m	1,640 ft	2	2012	South Korea
69	Hwatae Bridge [ko]	500 m	1,640 ft	2	2015	South Korea
69	Honghe Bridge [zh]	500 m (x2)	1640 ft (x2)	4	2020	China
69	Nanjing Shangba Jiajiang Bridge [zh]	500 m	1640 ft	2	2020	China

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Cable Stayed Bridges | Cable Stayed Bridge Examples